Fuses and  switches,  methods of earthing,  Circuit Breakers: Arcs, Interruption, RRRV, Current chopping, Interruption of capacitive current, Resistance switching. Types of circuit breakers, Circuit breaker ratings, Auto reclosure. Protective relaying: Functions, Standard definitions and terminology, Fundamental characteristics. Relay classifications, Electromechanical relays. Directional relay, Reverse power relay. Differential protection schemes for bus-bars, transformers and alternators. Frame leakage, bus-bar and transformer protection. Buchholtz relay, Backup protection.  Alternator protection: Negative phase sequence relay, Loss of field protection. Line protection: Overcurrent relays and  schemes,  Distance relays and schemes, Effect of arc resistance, Translay relaying, Carrier current relaying. Induction motor protection: Abnormal operating conditions, Undervoltage,  Phase and earth fault, Overload and unbalance voltage protection.  Solid state relays: Comparators,  Duality between phase and amplitude comparators. General equation of comparators, Realization of directional, Ohm, reactance, impedance and Mho characteristics using the general characteristic equation,  Static distance relays. Computer aided relaying: Introduction to microcomputer based relays,  General functional diagram of microcomputer-based relays.